Thales free essay sample

Thales In Brian Magees Story of Philosophy he created that Thales,the pre Socratic Greek philospher of Miletus and originator of Milesian school,taught that everything in nature is made out of one essential issue. Thales assumed that water the was the key structure square of all things and the Earth skimmed on water. In Joseph Carters address he expresses that Thales inferred that everything appear to require water,if not straightforwardly then indirectly,so water was the wellspring of all things(Phil 101-501 Delgado Community College Fall 2011). It was thought by Thales that the Earth must be upheld by water,since all grounds are encircled by water. He calculated that every living thing need an immense and steady admission of water to continue living. There are various realities that appear to back up Thales hypotheses. The human body is comprised of 60 percent water( Story of Philosphy pg 13). We will compose a custom paper test on Thales or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The Earth is likewise comprised of 71 percent water to surface region. Water at extremely high temperatures become air and at exceptionally low temperatures become rock( Story of Philosophy pg 13). Magee clarified that Thales additionally watched and considered the world ,utilizing direct obversation and motivation to manage him on his journey for information. He graphed the stars,moon,and planets just as utilizing geometry and sensible successions to quantify shadow lengths as a proportion of separations. In conclussion, Thales hypothesis that all things being water, originates from water, and will come back to water,in that time period appeared to be conceivable. These thougths were intelligent simply because it couldnt be demonstrated in any case in that time span. We presently realize that every single material article are reducible to vitality and totally negates Thales hypothesis. Thales was one of the primary philosphers and his therioes opened the entryway for other incredible scholars to yield his contemplations and go further with their quest for shrewdness. Brian Magee,The Story of Philosophy,New York, DK Publishing,1998 Joseph Carter,Lectures, Phil 101-501 Delgado Community College, Fall 2011

Essay On Leadership and Strategy Evaluation Essays

Exposition On Leadership and Strategy Evaluation Essays Exposition On Leadership and Strategy Evaluation Essay Exposition On Leadership and Strategy Evaluation Essay Meaning Of a Leadership It is generally acknowledged that pioneers assume a basic job in associations and networks. Nonetheless, the meaning of a pioneer has been disputable. As indicated by Locke (2009), authority is characterized as a procedure that includes initiating others with the goal that they can make a move whose end is the accomplishment of a shared objective. To Locke and Sadler (2003), initiative fuses three components: a social idea, a procedure, and an activity. Authority doesn't exist aside from when one is discussing the connection with supporters. The nonattendance of devotees infers the nonappearance of administration. At the point when characterized in social idea, powerful pioneers have been depicted as the individuals who are acceptable in moving and identifying with their adherents. Authority has likewise been characterized with respect to a procedure in that for one to be depicted as a pioneer, he/she should accomplish something. To defenders of this hypothesis, initiative includes s omething other than holding a title or some other situation of power. Be that as it may, albeit a formalized situation of power can exist to encourage an administration procedure, Locke contended that basically possessing such a position isn't sufficient to make one a pioneer. A pioneer is likewise required to actuate others to make some type of move, and a pioneer can utilize different ways to deal with prompt their adherents to make some move toward a shared objective. A portion of the methodologies heads can utilize to incite his adherents to make a move incorporate displaying by setting a model, hierarchical rebuilding, imparting a dream, genuine power, group building, objective setting, and fulfilling and rebuffing (Locke, 1999). It has been contended that the manner in which pioneers actualize plans, give guidance to their supporters, and rouse their kin to shifting starting with one pioneer then onto the next along these lines bringing about different administration styles. A portion of the initiative styles incorporate imperious, Laissez-Faire, participative, value-based, and transformational (Johnson, 2017; Northouse, 2012). Johnson (2017) depicted participative pioneer as one who utilizes a fair style of authority. Such pioneers esteem contribution from friends and colleagues. In any case, the obligation of settling on a ultimate choices depend on the pioneer. Then again, value-based pioneers give either rewards or disciplines to friends or colleagues as indicated by their presentation results. Transformational pioneers, nonetheless, depend on an elevated level of correspondence to their colleagues to meet their objectives. Such pioneers propel their supporters or representatives and improve effectivenes s and profitability through a mix of high perceivability and correspondence. A transformational style of initiative necessitates that the administration is profoundly engaged with the accomplishment of the hierarchical objectives. Pioneers who utilize transformational administration style center around the enormous hierarchical picture and representative littler assignments or errands to the colleagues to achieve with the goal that they can accomplish the general authoritative objective (Johnson, 2017). Northouse (2012) included that transformational initiative includes a procedure where the pioneer draws in with supporters and makes an association that helps the degree of profound quality as well as the degree of inspiration for both the devotee and the pioneer. He further brought up that transformational pioneers are mindful to the requirements just as intentions of their supporters and endeavor to ensure that their adherents arrive at their fullest potential. On account of Booker and Newark occupants (Cohen, 2014; Russakoff, 2014), Booker strived to guarantee that the individuals of Newark get to the best training framework in the nation. He needed to make Newark government funded educational system to be a model of how best state funded schools ought to be run in the nation. Bookers thought was to change one of the most exceedingly awful performing state funded training frameworks to be as well as can be expected be in the entire nation. His odds of accomplishment in this undertaking would have been impacted by numerous components. Authoritative Performance Improvement Pioneers not just can possibly improve authoritative execution yet in addition a disappointment of associations to accomplish their exhibition objectives. An investigation of administration styles proposes that pioneers can impact their associations in different manners. Choudhary, Akhtar, and Zaheer (2013) inspected the impact of two near authority styles on the results of hierarchical execution. Their discoveries propose that transformational authority has more impact on authoritative learning than worker administration. The scientists further discovered that a more elevated level of hierarchical learning is answerable for a higher authoritative exhibition. The creators at that point recommended that pioneers can pick a style of administration that can assist them with achieving what they need to accomplish in their associations. Their outcomes are like those of Noruzy et al. (2013) who additionally discovered that transformational initiative affects the authoritative learning just as information the executives. Transformational initiative style likewise hugy affects the advancement inside an association. By and large, the scientists discoveries uncovered that transformational initiative has an impact on the authoritative execution. Pioneers who wish to upgrade their hierarchical presentation can, in this manner, select to pick transformational initiative style. Albeit a great deal has been concentrated on how authority can impact hierarchical execution, Peterson, Smith, Martorana, Owens (2003) contended that pioneers are additionally liable for the disappointment of their associations. As indicated by the creators, administration character is one of the variables that can decide authoritative achievement and hierarchical disappointment. They brought up that if the top administration character is terrible, the association can expand the odds of authoritative disappointment. Be that as it may, if the character of the top heads in an association is proper, the association has an expanded possibility of prevailing in its strategic. Newark schools had been performing ineffectively for an extremely prolonged stretch of time. Booker had noted declining execution and had longed for when he can intercede. His opportunity to change the poor training arrangement of Newark came after his political race as a city hall leader for Newark. The Newark training framework was in an emergency. In circumstances of emergency, pioneers rise. Initiative includes propelling others toward a shared objective. With regards to Newark training framework, the shared objective was to improve the declining scholarly norms and make a national model on the best way to upgrade a whole school area. As a pioneer, Booker accepted that he was the truly necessary pioneer to lead the Newark out of the instruction emergency. Booker had a dream of turning Newark instruction framework to be the best in the nation. Booker noticed that to prevail with regards to transforming his vision into the real world, one of the most basic assets was subsidizing. T hus, as a decided pioneer, he looked for assets from givers to assist him with accomplishing his vision. In the wake of imparting his vision for Newark, numerous altruists gave their cash to assist Booker with understanding his vision. One of the individuals who was pulled in by Bookers vision was Mark Zuckerberg who gave his $100 million to help in the change of the Newark training framework (Russakoff, 2014). In the wake of acquiring adequate assets, the time had come to actualize his vision to bring an upgrade of the training framework. In spite of the fact that Booker had exhibited model authority abilities and transformative thoughts regarding the Newark instruction framework, he neglected to understand that execution of a dream requires the participation of a larger number of individuals than lenders. Sooner or later, Booker was reminded by Zuckerberg to pick an able pioneer who can turn into the Superintendent. As a decent pioneer, Booker need not be reminded about the need select an individual to lead the change or the attributes of an individual who could help change the bombing instruction arrangement of the Newark. Zuckerberg thought to Booker was that he ought to pick a transformational pioneer as a confirmation that the vision of changing the Newark instruction framework would have been effective. Booker had invested a ton of energy searching for the assets, however he committed brief period in putting resources into appropriate initiative structures. For instance, he ought to build up a sound administrati on structure that was going to work with him to actualize the vision. A sound initiative structure would have helped him to arrange for how the assets would be gotten and how it would be spent. Besides, the authority structure would have formulated better manners by which the assets got would have been viably used. Booker had a powerless authority structure. He just figured out how to select Superintendent in a rush. In spite of the fact that Anderson, the director, exhibited that she was capable, still there was a great deal of shortcoming in the general authority structure. Anderson way of commitment won the hearts of numerous individuals recommending that she had great initiative aptitudes. Be that as it may, Anderson came without a plan however a reasonable vision. As indicated by her, the most significant thing was to characterize achievement, and she discovered it as something straightforward. This is a further sign of poor authority in the change procedure. This was exhibited in the way wherein the choices were made. From the given data, there was poor dynamic in issues relating the training arrangement of Newark. Booker and Anderson settled on key choices without the slightest hesitation to see whether they were going to work or they were going to confront a few difficulties. All through the, there is no proof of the

What Happens If You Smoke Marijuana

What Happens If You Smoke Marijuana Addiction Drug Use Marijuana Print What Happens If You Smoke Marijuana? Reactions with pot can vary widely By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on June 24, 2019 Sean Gallup Collection / Getty Images News More in Addiction Drug Use Marijuana Cocaine Heroin Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery The reaction you may have when trying marijuana can vary dramatically based on many factors.?? Some people report not feeling anything at all when they smoke marijuana. In other cases, people report feeling relaxed or high. Some people who use  marijuana report having sudden feelings of anxiety and paranoid thoughts and that might be caused by trying a higher potency marijuana, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse.?? Research also shows that regular use of marijuana is linked to an increased risk of depression, anxiety and a loss of motivation or drive.?? You may feel dopey on the drug, which is when you begin to lose interest in activities that you might have previously enjoyed or you may lose the ability to grasp concepts easily. Short-Term Discomforts of Using Weed The effects of using marijuana can be unpredictable, especially when it is mixed with other drugs, research shows. You may feel relaxed on the drug, but other things you might not be expecting with pot use can include rapid heart rate and other unpleasantries.?? Dry mouthSwollen eyelidsBloodshot eyesLoss of coordinationAccelerated heart rate Short-Term Hazards As with any drug or substance that can alter perception, logic and usual behavior, there are several short-term hazards of using marijuana from impairing driving abilities to memory loss.?? Learning difficultiesLack of attention and focusPoor driving skillsAnxiety and paranoiaImpaired memoryDifficulty in thinking Long-Term Hazards Any drug that is taken over a prolonged period of time can have an effect on your health. Several of the physical barriers that can occur range from infertility problems to overall brain functions.?? An increased risk of developing lung, head, and neck cancersLack of motivationDecreased sperm count in menIrregular menstruation in womenRespiratory problemsHeightened risk of infections, especially the lungsPoor short-term memory recallInability to shift attention normallyInability to understand complex information? Unpredictable Reactions The National Institute on Drug Abuse reports that marijuana can affect each person differently according to their own body chemistry and the type of pot used.?? Some people can use weed and never have any negative reactions while others may try it and get entirely freaked out by the experience. Your biology (genetic makeup)Marijuanas strength (amount of active ingredient THC)Previous experience with the drugHow its taken (smoked versus ingested)Whether alcohol or other drugs are taken too? Not Your Grandfathers Pot   Studies have found that the marijuana available today is much different in terms of potency compared to what was generally available in the 1960s  when the use of the drug became widespread in the United States.?? Todays strains of the plant contain much more of the active ingredient in marijuana: tetrahydrocannabinol or THC, researchers say.?? That makes todays weed much more potent than that smoked by the hippies and flower children of the Woodstock generation. Edible Marijuana Products More Potent? As recreational marijuana becomes legal in more states in the U.S., more edible products containing marijuana are hitting the market. When marijuana is ingested it is absorbed by the body more slowly and the effects can last longer and be stronger.?? Emergency rooms have reported an increase of cases involving negative reactions to marijuana and many of those cases can be traced back to edible marijuana products.

Artificial Intelligence An Intelligent Computer Program

Humans have developed a wonderful fascination with artificial intelligence since it first introduced to the world in the 1950’s. The Merriam-Webster defined Artificial Intelligence as â€Å"a branch of computer science dealing with the simulation of intelligent behavior in computers.† Another definition is â€Å"the capability of a machine to imitate intelligent human behavior.† Computer science was cool on its own but to incorporate human intelligence into it sounded like a group breaking idea. There would be no limit to what humans can do with intelligent machines and computer programming. In the 1950s this type of technology was far beyond its scientists’ lifetime but to grasp a concept that one day, science would be so far advanced that artificial intelligence will be apart of our everyday life. Before reaching a goal to creating an intelligent computer program, we first have to understand what intelligence is, it is â€Å"the computational part of th e ability to achieve goals in the world. The ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills.† So how can we get a computer to be intelligent? Let’s start with the origin of it all. British Mathematician, Alan Turing published a paper called â€Å"Computing Machinery and Intelligence. In the paper, Turing argued that if a machine could past a certain test, then we would have evidence to say that the computer was intelligent. The test turns out to be the ‘Turing test;’ a human being asking questions through a computer terminal to either aShow MoreRelatedArtificial Intelligence and Cognitive Reasoning1597 Words   |  7 Pagesrepresentation of a humanoid character that is in fact a machine functioning and learning new skills with artificial intelligence. The problem with these shows is that the representation of modern day artificial intelligence is largely skewed, these machines have personalities and emotions making them relatable to humans when they ar e still just a very elaborate computer program. Artificial intelligence is the cognitive ability to solve problems, recognize patterns, and have the capability to learn, withRead More Artificial Intelligence and Investing Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesArtificial Intelligence and Investing INTRODUCTION Artificial intelligence can be defined as the ability of a computer to perform activities normally considered to require human intelligence. The techniques of this intelligence include knowledge-based, machine learning, and natural language processing techniques. Investing can be defined as the act of committing money to an endeavour with the exception of obtaining profit. Investing activities require data identification, asset valuation (theRead MoreComputer Vs. Artificial Intelligence926 Words   |  4 PagesHumans and computers both originate from man whether it be biologically or mechanically. Both humans and computers A man can have a plethora of children and also build a computer. As both his Both computers and man are a creation of man. When faced with a problem, human and computers seem to come to a solution in similar ways. In both cases, information is â€Å"placed† in humans and computers by other humans. However, knowing information does not making a single being intelligence, understanding andRead MoreArtificial Intelligence In Chapppie722 Words   |  3 Pageswhere Artificially Intelligent robot police keep the streets in order, smarter inventions are bound to arise. In the movie Chappie, the main character Chappie, is programmed with a new system that can make him feel and think independently. This film relates to the philosophers Searle and Turing due to their similar topics of Artificial Intelligence. Searle distinguishes two types of Artificial Intelligence which is Strong Artificial Intelligence and Weak Artificial Intelligence. They are both categorizedRead MoreThe Pros And Disadvantages Of Artificial Intelligence1423 Words   |  6 PagesArtificial intelligence can be defined as the ability of a computer performing activities normally considered to require human intelligence. According to Blay Whitby, â€Å"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the study of intelligent behavior (in humans, animals, and machines) and the attempt to find ways in which such behavior could be engineered in any type of artifact. It is one of the most difficult and arguably the most exciting enterprise ever undertaken by humanity† (1). Technology is moving at a fastRead MoreEssay about Social And Ethical Impact Of Artificial Intelligence1370 Words   |  6 PagesAs our world expands through the growing abilities and applications of computers in our everyday lives, it seems that the role of the co mputer has been reversed. Before we knew that the computer only understood what we programmed it to understand; however, now the majority of our society is learning more from computers than they are able to input into it. Dumm (1986 p.69) History The human aspiration to create intelligent machines has appeared in myth and literature for thousands of years, fromRead MoreSocial and Ethical Impact of Artificial Intelligence Essay examples1503 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is Artificial Intelligence? III Social and Ethical Issues Associated with Artificial Intelligence IV Part I Social Impact of Artificial Intelligence IV Part II Advantages IV Part III Disadvantages IV Ethical Impact of Artificial Intelligence V Conclusion VI Bibliography VII Introduction As our world expands through the growing abilities and applications of computers in our everyday lives, it seems that the role of the computer hasRead More Artificial Intelligence Essay966 Words   |  4 PagesArtificial Intelligence Computers are everywhere today. It would be impossible to go your entire life without using a computer. Cars, ATMs, and TVs we use everyday, and all contain computers. It is for this reason that computers and their software have to become more intelligent to make our lives easier and computers more accessible. Intelligent computer systems can and do benefit us all; however people have constantly warned that making computers too intelligent can be to our disadvantageRead MoreThe Dangers Of Artificial Intelligence1701 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Whoever perceives that robots and artificial intelligence are merely here to serve humanity, think again. With virtual domestic assistants and driverless cars just the latest in a growing list of applications, it is we humans who risk becoming dumbed down and ultimately subservient to machines.† ― Alex Morritt As the years have progressed, more and more people have adapted artificial intelligence systems into their home and everyday lives. A range of inventions include patient simulation systemsRead MoreHow The Society Values Computer Technology1716 Words   |  7 PagesTubonemi Emmanuel Tamunobelema. Matric No: NS160014. Computer and the Society How the Society values Computer Technology Question: Google SDK/Artificial-Intelligence: Is it Good or bad? Table of Content 1.0 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1 1.1 My theory†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 1.2 Respondents opinions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 2.0 Summary and Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10 Figures Fig 1.2.0 Do you interact with artificial intelligent systems? .......................................

Icarus The Architecture And Underlying Theory Of Cognition

Icarus as well as SOAR and ACT-R are based on production systems which is a uniting feature most full cognitive architecture. The architecture and underlying theory of cognition for ICARUS is based on Langley et al. [1991]; Choi et al. [2004] and is aimed to create a unified theory of cognition [Newell, 1994]. Instead of using chunks or operators, ICARUS uses concepts and skills to drive their system and the controlled cognitive agent. The system provides short and long-term memory, as well as a learning mechanisms for new skills and concepts. Concepts on the one side describe environmental situations by either referencing other concepts or by taking perceptual information acquired by the system in account. Skills on the other side specify how to achieve goals set by the system. They can be achieved by decomposing them into sub-goals until primitive actions are reached within the goal hierarchy. ICARUS uses hierarchies for concepts and skills to create complex behaviour. Both skills and concepts work hand in hand to approach cognitive tasks splitting knowledge similar to SOAR and ACT-R into declarative and procedural knowledge. The system operates within an environment by interpreting perceptual informa- tion and storing those interpretations as descriptions in the short-term memory. The descriptions represent beliefs about said environment. Figure 2-22 illustrates an in- terpretation of the ICARUS architecture based on Langley et al. [1991]; Choi et al. [2004]. ICARUS canShow MoreRelatedResources Capabilities20336 Words   |  82 Pages MOBILIZING INVISIBLE ASSETS You’ve gotta do what you do well. —LUCINO NOTO, FORMER VICE CHAIRMAN, EXXON MOBIL OUTLINE l Introduction and Objectives l The Role of Resources and l Organizational Capabilities Classifying Capabilities The Architecture of Capability l Appraising Resources and Capabilities Establishing Competitive Advantage Sustaining Competitive Advantage Appropriating the Returns to Competitive Advantage l Putting Resource and Capability Capabilities in Strategy Formulation

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Free Essays

In the wake of the financial scandals that struck major corporations such as Enron, WorldCom and Tyco International, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 was enacted â€Å"to protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures , made pursuant to the securities laws. † (P. L. We will write a custom essay sample on The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 or any similar topic only for you Order Now 107-204, 116 Stat. 45) It aims to create new and enhance previously existing standards and practices for the boards of all publicly held companies as well as management and public accounting firms in the United States, delineating and clarifying rights and responsibilities with regards to auditing and accountability and emphasizing such points as auditor independence, corporate governance and responsibility and assessment of internal controls. Specifically, the Act stresses upon a more exhaustive disclosure of financial transactions as reporting requirements of companies based in the United States now need to be more thorough and more critical, and therefore more costly to implement. As such, this comes as a heavy burden to smaller companies who have to contend with the high costs imposed on them to complete their assessments, effectively forcing many of these small businessess to do away with public ownership, which in turn reduces valuable entrepreneurial activity. Ribstein Butler, 2006, p. 101) The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, known in full as the Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act, was enacted June 30, 2002 through the sponsorships of Maryland Senator Paul Sarbanes and Ohio 4th District Representative Michael Oxley. The Act has 11 titles dealing with auditor independence, individual responsibility of senior executives for the accuracy and completeness of corporate financial reports, and enhanced reporting requirements for financial transactions. (P. L. 107-204, 116 Stat. 45, Titles II, III, IV) It also includes measures and practices designed to help restore investor confidence in securities analysts, as well as indicating violations and specific criminal penalties for fraud by manipulation of financial records or other interference with investigations. (P. L. 107-204, 116 Stat. 745, Titles VIII, IX, XI) In its establishment, the Act created the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) to regulate and discipline accounting firms as auditors of public companies. It also mandates the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to implement rulings on requirements in compliance with the Act. P. L. 107-204, 116 Stat. 745, Titles I, VI, VII) In his signing statement, President George W. Bush cl aims the Sarbanes-Oxley Act â€Å"the most far-reaching reforms of American business practices since the time of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. † He stressed that it ushers in a new era of integrity and responsibility in corporate America where dishonest leaders will be caught and penalized accordingly, a reference to the major corporate and accounting scandals that affected many large corporations during the ’90s and well into the new millenium, shattering public confidence in the nation’s securities markets. Office of the Press Secretary, 2002) Particularly enraging accounts that led to the creation of the Act are the scandals that involved Enron, WorldCom and Tyco International, where conflicts of interest, unusual and unreasonably justified banking practices, and problems in incentive compensation activities revealed massive fraud on the part of both the companies and their accounting firms, resulting in massive market downturns. (Patsuris, 2002) The Act combats such unscrupulous activities by emphasizing corporate controls and enhanced financial reporting to maintain credibility. Details of off-balance sheet transactions, pro-forma figures and stock transactions of corporate officers must be reported. To assure the accuracy of financial reports and disclosures, management assessment of internal controls must be thoroughly performed. Timely periodic reporting of material changes in financial condition is required, as well as specified enhanced reviews by the SEC of such corporate reports. (P. L. 107-204, 116 Stat. 745, Title IV) A specific part of the Act, Section 404, requires management and external auditor to report on the adequacy of the company’s control over financial reports. This, however, is considered by many the aspect that costs most to implement as enormous effort is needed to document and test important financial controls. Since it requires both management and external auditor to perform assessment in the context of a top-down risk assessment, it must cover all aspects of compliance and thus needs much time, labor and cost. Ribstein Butler, 2006, p. 100) Compliance with Section 404 of the Act has a much greater impact on smaller companies as there is a significant cost involved in completing their assessments. Ribstein and Butler (2006) contend that this necessitates many small businesses to spend much than what they actually earn, driving a huge percentage of their expenditure on compliance alone. This eventually forces them to forgo with public ownership. As an example, during 2004, U. S. companies with revenues exceeding $5 billion spent . 06% of revenue on compliance, while companies with less than $100 million in revenue spent 2. 55%. (U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 2006) It is quite unfair that small companies should bear the brunt when they do not earn as much as their bigger counterparts, and the government must take steps and act on what can be seen as a drawback on such a well-intended regulation. In conclusion, while much of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 was created and implemented to help put public trust back into corporations through recognizing and rewarding honest corporate leaders while discplining and fining unaccountable ones, much must be done to help alleviate the apparent burden on small companies who have to spend much on compliance, so that they may flourish and be able to compete without being compelled to spend too much on something that is beyond their capacity. And we should look forward in continuing the good work that the Act itself represents in defending the public from fraudulent and malicious corporate activities. How to cite The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, Papers

Planet Earth free essay sample

If the planet earth continues on the path that it is headed for, it is predicted that between 2020 and 2029 that we will reach our maximum carrying capability for humans. In 1960 the human population was roughly 3 billion, since then it has more then doubled to 6. 8 billion and is still rapidly growing. Humans add 1. 5 million people to this earth every week. There are 4 main causes for the overpopulation of earth; decline in death rate, increase in birth rate, migration and lack of education. With our medicine and technology as proficient as it is today there are far less deaths due to disease and injury than there was 200 years ago. Our technology has enabled us to create many vaccines, cures and comforts for those in need, and as a result people are living longer and healthier lives then ever before. This is a great thing, but without controls on our birth rate our planet cant sustain all these people who once would have died. We will write a custom essay sample on Planet Earth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Additionally, we have had an increase in births; so the death to birth ratio is disproportionate. Religion has helped increase the birth rates with pro life and anti birth control beliefs around the globe. By circulating these beliefs, less people are having abortions and not using birth control which results in a population increase. Up until recently people who lived in poverty had always had a large number of kids because the chance of a childs survival was slim, so having more kids increased their chance of passing their genes on. Now these people are still having a lot of babies but with our technology today the babies are surviving, so these families cant sustain life where they live so they chose to move to locations with more opportunities. Another leading cause of over population is migration; one of the biggest reasons for someone to migrate is to provide a better life for themselves and their family. This is causing many issues because the financial and tax systems can only handle a certain amount of people. When the systems become overcrowded, people experience food and water shortages and negative affects on educational opportunities provided for the young because there may not be enough resources for all the citizens and the people who just migrated there legally or illegally. If a population isnt adequately educated then they dont understand the concept of overpopulation and how crucial it is to not reach the carrying capability. The uneducated know little of controlling a population and planning a family. Since they dont know have much knowledge on this topic they will keep having large families since they dont know the consequences. If over population continues, it will have damaging effects to everything on this earth. Over population is the basis of most problems we face world wide today; such as global climate change and World famine. Right now there are more people than our mother earth is used to. We are exterminating a huge producer of our oxygen by vigorously cutting down our trees. Lumber companies are buying up land in rainforests such as Brazil, Peru and Columbia, than tearing apart the forests to fulfill the growing demand for wood. As the demand for wood increases due to over population so does all of the earths other resources. Food and water is becoming scarcer which is a necessity for all life. There is millions of starving people in the world and this will only increase if there arent any drastic changes. Although the last time there was a decrease in world population was because of the black plague if properly enforced an ideal solution could be to limit the amount of children a couple can have. If each couple is limited to having 2 children, one to replace each parent after about 50 years this along with other precautions should help decrease the population because many people are infertile. On a global scale each country should be responsible to enforce this problem by educating the citizens on how to properly plan a family and supply them with birth control. A possible punishment for having an extra child could be a fine that can go to support this project along with not giving the family any financial aid for the child. For those countries who would not be able to support such a project the World powers could help cover these costs, although expensive this solution has the possibility of increasing the life quality for not only humans but all the inhabitants on earth.